Origins of gun powder????
"c.1200, Middle East
DEVELOPMENT OF FLASHING POWDER
Saltpetre, the principal ingredient of Black Powder first appears in the writings of Arabian, Abd Allah, in 1200.
Descriptions of fireworks, "Roman Candles", and flash powder are brought from China to the West by traders. The first to do so was not Marco Polo, since he did not return to Venice until 1299. As well, it would not have been his father nor uncle, whose voyage to the orient preceded his. They did not return from Cathay, after failing to gain an audience with the ruler, until 1269.
At the time of the Polos' journeys, China's ruler, was the Mongol, Kublai's Khan. His brother, Hugul, was the ruler of Persia, the eastern extent of the Mongol empire. The trade route between these points, both by land and sea, was already soundly in place by the time of the Polos. Across this route, and between the courts of its rulers continual government and diplomatic exchange took place.
Thus an EXCHANGE of technical information was entirely possible, and to the purpose of maintaining that empire, far exceeding just probable. Whether such technology originated in China, or in the Middle East, is still open to some question.
The fact that no "arms", nor high power explosives were mentioned by the Polos as late as 1299, yet Arabic works exist describing Black Powder prior to their journeys, strongly suggests that Black Powder was of Arabic and not Chinese invention.
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c.1250, Middle East
DESCRIPTION OF BLACK POWDER BY MARCUS GRAECUS
In Liber Ignum (The Book of Fire), Marcus Graecus describes Saltpeter and gun powder (but not by that name). Liber Ignum mentions both propulsive uses, as in rockets, and explosive uses, as in guns.
This work is probably a translation, or more properly, and adaptation of an Arabic work of the time that made its way into the "Roman" world via Contantinople.
Remember, this is the time of Richard I of England, and the Third Crusade. Many material objects that were "liberated" from the Moslem held Holy Lands, returned with the warriors to their home lands, or fell into the hands of The Church. The Church, or those connected with it, was nearly the sole source of written material in the Western world at this time.
By one of these routes the knowledge of Black Powder, or this particular work, became available to both Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus.
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1268, England
DESCRIPTION BY ROGER BACON
In Opus Majus, Sir Francis Bacon described the explosion of Black Powder. Scientist that he was, he was undoubtedly describing the stuff he had made himself. However, it wasn't until a few years later that later he specifically listed the composition 7/5/5 of KNO/S/C."
Ahhh, fer what it's worth. :winking: