Back in the dim, dark past of the 19(censored)'s, we used Crisco or lard mixed with whatever lube you could buy locally. Not high tech but it got the job done. One of the best at it fired his from original Besses and English fowlers. His technique worked well. The muskets shot balls of .76 and .75 in the original .775 bores. Both sized balls were rolled up in paper tubes with string ties above and below the ball. The cartridges were dipped in lube covering the ball end only. The larger ball loads were used first by opening the cartridge, pouring the powder down the bore and then pushing the ball-end of the cartridge into the muzzle and tearing off the rest of the paper. Follow up shots got the smaller ball loads but after the powder was poured in the cartridge was pushed in ball end up, the entire paper tube loaded in to act as wadding. Worked great.
Shot loads were done a bit differently. When the tube was formed on the wooden dowel, a thick wad was glued in about the middle of the paper tube. Back then the wads were fiber with a thin plastic base. When dry, the shot was poured into the top and tied off with string. Then the same lube used for the ball loads was brushed on with a small paint brush, just enough to lube the side of the paper tube and just over the shot and wad area. The bottom was bitten off to load and the powder was poured in the bore the cartridge loaded as a normal ball load. The the entire paper cartridge was pushed into the bore with the shot end up, of course, and when even with the muzzle the curled, tied twist was pulled up gently and the top of the cartridge cut off with a patch knife. Then an over-shot card was put on top and the whole rammed down. This worked as well as the ball loads and took birds up to goose.
Now many folks roll tubes like used to hold coins and the ends folded like coin tubes with the shot charge inside. This can be loaded on top of cards or cards & wad with an over-shot card. You'll have to experiment to see which your gun likes best but that's the fun of this sport. Good luck.