Stumpkiller- My test shooting yesterday proved your points. Using my 38" 1/66 twist .40 cal Rice bbl Jacob Wigle flintlock rifle, I tested different lubes. New lot of 3F Goex, 40 grains, .020 old pillow ticking, crushes to .012. .380 cast balls, weighed. 50 yards benchrest. Using water soluble oil in a 4 to 1 mix (water to oil) first time ever, 5 shots chronographed 1629, 75fps spread, went into 3.5". (velocity too low for this twist, but wanted to test this powder against my 40 grain benchmark). 5 to 1 mix for 6 shots dropped the group center 2", increased velocity to 1691, 82 spread. 6 to 1 mix: 11 1/4" 5 shot group, 1590 velocity, 60 spread. NOTE VELOCITY DROP OF 100 FPS WITH WHAT WAS BASICALLY NO LUBE. 7-1 mix: One shot 7" off point of aim at 1610 fps, BUT THE PATCH LAY OUT THERE ON THE GROUND AND BURNED UP. Not wanting to start a range fire, I quit on that one. Went back to 5-1, as I had mixes made up, precut as 1" patches. Five shots in 7 inches, 1653 fps, 104 spread. This was with wiping after every shot with one water damp patch and drying with another. Both groups of 5-1 had one shot that sounded funny, exact same loading, and velocity of 1559 and 1523. Never had this before. Then I used my cleaner as lube (couldn't find my lube, which is half Murphy Oil Soap and half 91% alcohol). Cleaner is one part MOS, one part 70% alcohol and one part hydrogen peroxide, but in a white plastic squeeze bottle, there was no fizz left). Squeezed it on a bunch of precut patches (same ones as above) and proceeded. All else the same as above, that is, 40 gr 3F and .380 ball. Cleaned bore as above only before first shot, then no more cleaning or wiping at all for 25 shots. First group of 5 shots 2.9", 1648 fps, 62 spread. Second group: NOW WITH .395 Hornady, all else the same: 4.2" group, 1569 fps, 45 spread. NOTE VELOCITY DROP WITH LARGER BALL. Third group: .390 cast, all else the same, 3.2 " group, 6 shots 1619 fps, 30 spread. Note that the .380 gave highest velocity, the .390 next and that the .395 was slowest. Figuring the velocity was too slow for this 66 inch twist (.40's are usually a 1 in 48" twist), I next used 65 gr 3F with the .390 ball. Six shots in 2.1", 1964 fps, 113 spread. I had only a drilled flash hole, about .089, but after this I installed a 5/16 x 32 White Lightnin' vent liner. This test was an eye opener regarding lubes.