A quarter measures .957" in diameter, making the 5 Gauge the closest ( .955") .
A dime measures .703, according to my caliper. Since the bore of a 12 gauge is nominally .729, that would indicate that a " FULL " choke has .026 or more of constriction. I have read in many places that you need " 28 points " of constriction to get full choke patterns. These are close enough for anyone who knows much of anything about how barrels are made and measure with tolerances thrown in. ( usually plus or minus .001") For those reasons, the old " rule of thumb "that says a dime should not be able to pass into a full choked barrel is correct. It doesn't help you figure out what constriction is needed to get a full choke PATTERN using steel shot( most guns achieve that with a modified or slightly tighter constriction choke, depending again on the size of steel shot you use. ( I got full choke patterns with Steel #1 shot, but a pattern that was less than 70% shooting steel " T " shot, and Steel BB shot in commercial shells. I might have been able to improve those patterns by reloading, but buying and reloading steel shot is an additional expense I was not willing to spend considering the limited use I had for the ammo. Now that competitors exist and have been approved to meet the non-toxic shot requirements, the cost of the products may come down to a point where you can justify loading the newer composites, and shooting them more. I am still waiting however, to see the cost of the shot to come down, and to be available for reloaders. The new shot that is a polymer and iron combination that they say will produce full choke patterns out of older choked guns, without damaging the chokes is a hunter's dream. But I haven't see the stuff show up. This would be my choice to use in my ML shotgun, too, if it becomes available.
As for shooting a round ball out of a choked 12 gauge barrel, stick with a .67 to .69 caliber round ball at the maximum, with a cloth patch, so you don't endanger the choke on an old gun. If you ever pulled the slug on a modern 12 gauge shotgun slug round, you will find that the slugs are substantially smaller than the full choke constriction, so the company is not being sued for damaging choked barrels.