There is hairsplitting involved indeed. Black powder measured by a volumetric measure in grains will measure very close to that weight on a scale. I've checked that out many a time. The substitutes are designed to replace that same volume as a volume measure of black powder. However, the substitute powders are less dense than black powder. For example, a 100 grain volume measure of 2Fg GOEX or Scheutzen powder will tip the weight scale at 100 grans. The same 100 grain volume measure of Pyrodex will weight abou 85 grains on the weight scale and perform pretty close to the 100 grain volume measure of black powder.