In '92 I hit a long yearling sow at 107 paces. Shot was broadside and hit on the shoulder joint. passed through and shattered the upper leg bone just below the other shoulder joint, lodging under the hide. Ball flattened to .93 Cal., and stayed at 230 grains!!!She went down right now, got up and fell on her back.Rifle was a TOW Bridger Hawken built by Nance in Missoula. 35" Green River barrel. Load was 130 gns. of FFG and patched ball. I knew at the time that it was a some what long shot, but the rifle is a good one and I was shooting alot of off hand at muzzleloading matches so I felt confident at taking the shot. I belive that a .54 patched ball with a good charge of black is a good choice for all North American Big Game. Get as close as possible and practice, practice, practice. Good luck! meathead