If you pull a muzzleloading bullet, it will be engraved from the riflings...
You can use this to roughly figure out the rate of twist.
Example: (for ease of understanding, I will use whole numbers)
Measure the length of the of the riflings on the bearing surface, from rear to nose of the engraved muzzleloading bullet... (1 inch, 3/4 inch, whatever it is) we'll use 1 inch for this example.
From behind the bullet, hold the rear of one of the riflings at the 12:00 position, note where the front of the same rifling's engraved mark ends... (example: 10 degrees)
So, if it rotated 10 degrees (using a protractor from behind) and moved 1 inch down the barrel per 10 degrees of rotation, and there is 360 degrees of rotation per circle...
That means the riflings moved the bullet 1 inch, 36 times, to get back to the 12:00 position...
Therefore, the example barrel has a 1-in-36 inch rate of twist... (360 degrees, divided by 10 degrees of rotation, times 1 inch = 1-in-36 inch twist)
Confused yet?
If you have trouble, I will be happy to figure it out for you if you provide me with the measurements...