I have pondered on that a lot, and have come to the idea that ball irregularities are the root cause of smootbore inaccuracy at distance. Reasoning: when the ball is going very fast as it leaves the muzzle (like a non-spinning baseball), it captures a cone of compressed air behind which it travels. As the ball inevitably slows due to air friction, the cone essentially disappears, and any imperfections in the non-spinning ball will cause uneven friction, causing one side of the ball to slow down, thus imparting a non-predictable curve to the trajectory. If the ball is perfectly aligned with the sprue front or back, the sprue should affect things very little, or not at all. The smoothbore shooters whom I Have seen repeatedly hit small targets well beyond 50 yards, pretty much all roll their ball to smooth them, or are very careful to center the sprue.I don't know that; the recovered slugs only demonstrate that they did not travel as a knuckleball. I'd wager that someone at some point has studied this at length...