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Where real BP is in short supply, one can use a 'duplex' load, like 10-grains of real BP down in the bore 1sst, followed by the rest of the charge weight of Pyrodex or other BP synthetic.
 
The only way I would profess this is that Ive ran it though my chrony with several rifles.
Many years ago I even made a video with the two rifles, shooting them after dark and seeing the flame differences.
I don’t know that ‘flame’ represents unburned powder.
As hot gas will glow
We have a steady increase in velocity with increased powder charges
A .50 x 32 inch barrel, GOex 3f
50grains -1445
60grains -1554
70grains-1663
80grains-1777
90grains-1891
100 grains 1978
110 grains 2065
In .54 X 34” barrel we see
40grains -1134
50grains -1247
60grains-1359
70grains -1439
80grains 1519
90 grains -1591
100grains-1662
110 grains-1758
120 grains -1853
130 grains 1913
Or going the other way
.45 in 32” barrel we get with 3f charges
30-1240
40-1433
50-1626
60-1819
70-1977
80-2136
It’s important to note that 80 in a .45 represents 60% of ball weight, 110 in .50 and 130 in .54 also 60%
Even going down to a .36 and it’s tiny ball in a very short 30” barrel we see a 25 grain charge yield 1373 at the muzzle and 70 grains, almost 100% ball weight we get 2128, a 121 fps increase over a 60 grain charges 2007
Going up to a bess at 75 shot with 2f
70 grains 817
80 grains 879
90 grains 943
100 grins 1006
110 grains 1047, a steady increase
 
Ramrod usage should be such that your hand upon the rod when seating the charge should be no higher above the muzzle than the thickness of a closed fist! I've yet to break a ramrod using this method!
 
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