Bill I looked at the site for the Kodiak, in hopes of finding out how long the barrel is. Its the one dimension NOT given. But, it looks like it is less than 30 inches, so I ran the formula for powder capacity for a 28 inch barrel, and found that the maximum amount of powder that can be burned in a .72 caliber gun with a PRB is 131 Grains.
as for full penetration, there aren't many 45 caliber magnums that will break two shoulders and still exit the other side, either. The only reason to intentionally take a shoulder shot is to break an animal down that is charging someone else, or to break them down so they can't escape, while you get to a better position to get a clear shot at the heart/lung area.
I had to take a spinal shot on my first wild boar with my .50 simply because I had a dog in the foreground, that kept getting in my way, and also had brush the blocked my view and shot to the heart/lungs. I did not want to take the shot, because I wasn't sure the ball had enough weight to break the vertebrae and cut the spinal cord( It didn't) but the guide with me was concerned about his dog being injured if I didn't shoot the boar. So I took the shot, hit exactly where I aimed, and the boar swapped ends, and ran off, bleeding. The dog was okay. I reloaded and followed up on the boar and finished it off with a shot to the chest as it stood facing me.
Now, if the guy was shooting for the heart and lungs, and pulled the shot so it hit the shoulders instead, all I can say is that a miss is a miss. and Sometimes its also a mess! It happens to the best of us. I have not shot a 400-500 lb. animal with any gun to date, but I would not be surprised that a heavy round ball, or even a heavy conical would not break BOTH shoulders on that large an animal and not exit.
The fact that a heavy conical is moving slowly may only mean that the shooter and the gun have some chance of surviving the firing of the gun with that load. I have shot a lot of 1 oz, to 1 1/8 oz. shotgun slugs, testing my own gun, and helping a friend test his slugs in a variety of guns. Even using my own system of controlling recoil, it is not fun to shoot a lot of these heavy charges all day long. The one weakness I see with the Kodiak, is also its blessing, and that is the weight of the gun. You can carry the darn thing in the field and not need a gun bearer for that work. But, the price paid is that you have to use reasonable load. 4 drams of powder is a lot of powder, ( 110 grains) in any gun, even a 12 gauge rifle. I think you should expect to get more velocity out of a round ball than what you have listed. Are you using Overpowder card wads behind the PRB? If not that can account for up to 20% loss of velocity for a particular load of powder. It can also account for the low impact of the balls. When I first fired a round ball in my .20 ga. fowler, I only got 860 fps over the screen with a 2 3/4 dram load. I was very disappointed, and did not like the fact that the ball struck at the bottom of a 25 yard target. The wads were going down to easy, compared to my experience loading my 12 gauge shotgun. So, we got out a caliper and measured the bore diameter. I bought 19 ga. wads, and velocity went up to the 1050 fps mark I had been expecting. The 20 gauge shoots a 3/4 oz. ball. That is heavy enough for any deer I am going to shoot, right up to any 300 lb. monster that happens to walk past me.
There is a reason that African hunters switched to the heavy Nitro Express breech loaders for the Big Five, and retired the older large bore ML rifles that fired huge lead balls. It wasn't that the guns could not kill the animals. It was that their shoulders needed a rest from all that recoil. When jacketed bullets came out, around the turn of the 20th century, small caliber magnum rifles were able to kill the big Five just as well as even those nitro Express rifles. The Kodiak harkens back to those Express rifle. Used reasonably, they will take game. But, they are not going to produce miracles, and everything you can stuff in them, either powder, bullets, or combinations have already been tried, and failed the common sense test. I would not use a .72 Caliber Kodiak, or any other such rifle to hunt Dangerous game. Two shots is just not always enough. I just looked at pictures of a huge Alaskan bear that was killed at point blank range with a 7mm magnum, but only after it was shot multiple times. Some very good trackers, back tracked the bear after they found human remains in its stomach. They found the body of a hiker who had been killed 2 days before, and had emptied his .38 cal. revolver into the bear, hitting it 4 times without effect. They have not found the other body that is the source of the other bones found in the bear's stomach.The man with the 7mm magnum shot the bear many times, reloading, to shoot it in the head after if collapsed at his feet.