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The .31 percussion revolvers were the grand Daddy of the .32 S&W Long , which was also pretty anemic but was hugely popular as a pocket revolver round well into the 1980s
You don't need "knockdown" power in a little mugger repellent, walking around gun like a .31. You just need to put a couple balls or bullets into a bad guy, and if he dies 7 days later oh well , at least he ceased his hostilities and you got back from the theater with the wife safely.
Little bullets aren't going to do much but we know this , these are self defense guns.
I'd sooner trust my NAA mini with 5 .22 Stingers in it than a .31 Pocket but technology advanced and that's what they had back then.
The Lymans Black Powder Manual shows the 31, with 50 grain ball and 13grs ffffg to have 795 fps & 70 ft/lbs energy.
A 22LR in a 4" bbl has from 50 to 100 ft/lbs of energy, depending on cartridge.
So yea, a 22 can have more energy than a 31, but you can't set their clothes on fire with a 22!!!
The legendary US Marshall Bill Tilghman was killed by a 32 short, but not immediately. The 32 Long was created almost 20 years after the short.