"Flintlock" vs. "Firelock"

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tsmgguy

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Is it true that early British (and later American) terminology referred to what we call "flintlock" weapons today as "firelocks", differentiating them from earlier matchlocks? Did not the term flintlock come into wide usage only after the advent of percussion guns, separating them from an earlier, obsolete technology ?

In keeping with the idea of paying tribute to the old ways by keeping them alive, might not "firelocks" be the more correct term for our hobby/obcession?

Just an idea to kick around . . .
 
Firelock is a generic term apparently used to refer to Matchlocks, Wheellocks, and, Flintlocks.

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The matchlock musket and rest were virtually the only armaments of infantry from about 1550 to 1675. At least a century before the end of the matchlock era, however, two other forms of ignition were known. They were called firelocks in most surviving records, though they are now known as the wheel lock and the flintlock.

The wheel lock was probably invented in Germany in about”¦

firearm... (75 of 1775 words)

Since all of these guns were basically smoothbores, and only in the later period did Flintlocks become rifled for military uses, the term " firelock " appears to be used in military language right up to and through some of the percussion era firearms, when the word " rifle " was slowly introduced and used by Sergeants in drilling their companies. l
 
"Firelock" does seem to me and what I have read in old documents to be used with a military reference. The terms "piece" seems more common for civilians as well as "gun" "smoothe gun" "rifle gun", etc.
 
Before the invention of the friction match in the early 19th century, anyone interested in building a fire carried flint and steel for the purpose. "Firelock" would seem to be very descriptive of what we now term a flintlock: flint and steel are used to build a fire in the pan of the weapon using but a single strike.

At least in British usage, the term "firelock" seems to have almost immediately come into acceptance when the matchlock was superceded early in the 17th century. This term differentiated firelocks from the earlier matchlocks, and indeed from wheelocks and othertechnologies of the times. The term would have had general acceptance in what is now the U.S.

Matchlocks often remained in general use elsewhere; British forces faced these as late as Assaye in August, 1803.

"Firelock" appears to be correct for the period up to the introduction of percussion weapons. Should we not term these weapons as our distant ancestors did, without the later Industrial Revolution influence, thus "keeping tradition alive"?
 
I always thought the term "firelock" was a broad term referring to the family of lock types who's ignition was fire based...ie: matchlock, wheellock...and of course the Flintlock itself...but I am not a "student of traditional firearms history" by any means...
 
This particular discussion is relivent only to we moderns.

The flintlock was the dominant firing mechinism for 200 years (that's longer than we have had cartridges) and many people of the 18th century never saw any other type firearm, except for cannon. The average 18th century person probably never laid eyes on a matchlock or wheel-lock.

For them to refer to their guns as "flintlocks" would be similar to soldiers or modern gun shooters refering to their guns as "gas operated, magazine fed, self contained cartridge shooters". That does not happen often.

I have never read the term "flintlock" specifically in any research I have done. It is normally "firelock" in military terms or Rifle, Fussee, musket, fowler or birding gun when in civilian hands. There was only one practical type ignition, the style or use of the gun was the concern.
 
I've been reading 44 years the life of a hunter by Meshach Browning and it's interesting how he referred to his weapons. He talks about selling his rifle, but keeping his gun (possibly a nice smoothbore or trade gun) I'm only about halfway through it and don't recall him mentioning the lock as of yet, but it has some interesting hunting storys from the early 19th century.
 
I know that "firelock" was the term used to refer to the musket in Rev. War period firing drill.

In pre-percussion Ordnance Dept. tables and correspondence, basically only "musket" or "rifle" was used since everyone could only assume that all were flint.

During the percussion period, when flint weapons were still in inventory, they were either referred to as "flintlock" muskets or rifles, or by the Model year, such as "Musket of 1842" or "Rifle of 1803" or in cases involving the M1817 rifle, "Common Rifle".

What you said about the use of the weapon being what concerned those who were referring to it is a good way to describe it. We're looking back through history and we have the problem of sorting through all the different ignition systems as well as types of weapons. Shooters as well as military personel living in those periods didn't have this problem except for those who were active during a transitional period and then only on a more limited scale. We have this wonderful ability to look back at all the different types and look at the progress of firearms over the centuries, but we also have countless opportunities to make mistakes in identifying the many different weapons, not necessarily through our own ignorance, but often because the writers, makers and users of those weapons were very often unclear and what I call lazy in describing them. And I believe that was because, as you said, of the fact that they didn't feel the need to explain too fully something that was in common use. They weren't concerned about us understanding it.
 
it makes little sense today to abandont the terms, Matchlock, Wheellock, and Flintlock, for the Generic " Firelock " when we have people studying the entire history of firearms, and even on this forum, we have separate forums for flintlocks, and wheellocks or matchlocks. There is a need for specificity so that we communicate what we are talking about clearly. We are not a bunch of guys standing around a clubhouse at our favorite firing range, looking at someone's gun, where we can all see what we are talking about. Things are a bit more difficult doing this with a keyboard. Today, for instance we talk about " cars" when a hundred years ago, that term might refer to a steam powered automobile, or a diesel powered auto, or a gasoline powered auto. If you are trying to re create those old days, and restore a car, it would be rather important to tell your audience exactly what kind of automobile you are working with.
 
Of course, there's intervening history to be considered, but the term "firelock" at the time only referred to a weapon using a lock having a flint secured in a dog head. It did not refer to matchlocks, wheelocks, or any previous or subsequent technologies. One alive at the time would not recognise or use the term "flintlock".

My point, at this distance in time, is that we have it wrong and should be willing to correct our mistakes given new evidence. Otherwise, there's no reason whatever to conduct historical research, or provide employment for historians, or print any new treatise on any past subject, ever. Among the informed, scholarship changes things.

Of course our viewpoints change with time. When originally adopted in 1800, the British called their new rifle simply, "the infantry rifle". A British soldier of the time carried either a "firelock", referring to his musket, a "musket", or a "rifle".

Only when the Bruswick rifle was later adopted did the name Baker begin to stick to the earlier model, but a rifleman at Waterloo would not have used or understood the term.
 
In English documents of the early 17th century, "firelock" refers to any self igniting gun. Wheellocks,snaplocks, snaphaunces, spanish and french flintlocks are all included. Firelocks were used almost exclusively by cavalry and the gentry. Dragoons (not really considered cavalry) still carried matchlock muskets in this era
 
Oh, I'm not saying that we should do away with catagorizing the different systems, weapons, &c. In fact, we should exert every power we have to understand each one and where they appear in firearms history.

I'm just saying that the makers and users of these weapons were not in the least concerned with making their identification real easy for collectors, builders and shooters two hundred years in the future. For instance, Ordnance Deptartment records found over the last 100 years or so are somewhat ambiguous (if that's the word) in the way they were written. That has led various famous writers on the subject to disagree on such points as Model years, patterns, &c. Gluckman and Fuller come up with completely different model years for Springfield pattern flint muskets for instance. Flayderman and others say there wasn't a "Model" musket until 1812. Others say not until the "M1816" (or M1822 depending on who you subscribe to). I personally believe the first musket designated with a model year was the 1816. Previous to this the War Department referred to the older muskets as "Charleville Patterns". (Actually, at least one contemporary writer referred to the M1816 as a Charleville pattern). So, we see how messed up this can be. But, I also believe that applying model years to those variants of the "Charleville Pattern" muskets helps us identify them and their chronological place in ordnance history. Just remember that the Ordnance Dept. wasn't concerned beyond parts and ammunition and their attempts at standardization.

When I started blacksmithing, I would read books written back when smithing was more than a hobby and would about go crazy when I was reading about a particular job or technique that I was wanting to use. The writer would describe part of the process in detail and then pass over another part saying,'as all smiths are familiar with the next step, we'll pass on to the finishing step'. Since I wasn't "familiar" with that second step, I was left in the dark as how to proceed to the third. I've come across similiar passages in several other blacksmithing and gunsmithing books, as well as numerous passages in Ordnance Dept. records. Like I said, they were not concerned about how well our generation understood their procedures. They had their hands full taking care of their own problems.

The saddest part of the story is, they did keep many records that may have clarified many of the mysteries of firearms development and manufacture, including detailed drawings of equipment, but many, including most of those at Harper's Ferry Armory, were destroyed by fire during the War, other fires at various depositories, careless handling by clerks, water damage and saddest of all by indifference.

We can leave much more to our following generation due to a vast ability communicate and save information. We also have a great responsibility to get it right. All we can do is use the information left to us and interpret it as accurately as possible. I'm a firm believer in using all the terms used in the past, but do the best we can to place them in the periods they belong, which is not always easy if you can't find reference to them in contemporary works. So I think that we should use all the material we can find to identify these weapons. We can always sort through the information at hand, use what is relevant and cull out the rest.

I didn't mean to ramble on when I started this reply, Sorry!
:grin:
 
We don't actually disagree, here. I just don't see any good coming from referring to all ML actions produced before the Percussion ignition system, as " Firelocks", nor do I see any real historical basis to limit " firelocks " to referring to just "flintlocks". There is some ancient material that indicate the term was also used to refer to Match locks. I am not as confident about its use for Wheellocks, since the age of wheellocks was fairly short, and they were so expensive to produce in that era that they did not commonly appear as arms for military units. If a Wheellock was used by military forces, I am sure it was still referred to as a firelock, since the wheellock came after the matchlock, and before the flintlock. The early Spanish and Dutch Explorers to the New World used Matchlocks. If any wheellocks appears here, it was privately owned by some wealthy person. There is very little archeological evidence to support the use of wheellocks at Plymouth, or Jamestown, while there are records supporting the use of matchlocks, ( firelocks) and later, flintlocks.
 
Seems to me the term "FIRELOCK" was (and is) a generic word used to describe a firearm which was not fired by the use of a loose, hand held "match" rather like the term "GUN" is used today to loosely define a firearm without defining whether it is a pistol, rifle, shotgun, cartridge style or muzzleloader.

While a few armory records were rather specific describing the number of each type of ignition system and weapon in store, many more were simply generalized counts where the general term "firelock" was used to differentiate them from the pikes, swords etc in store.
 
Sounds good to me, Jim. I said that it was a generic term, and apparently included matchlocks, wheellocks, and flintlocks. Nothing you say seems to disagree with that. I know there were some military command books that had Rev. War soldiers " shouldering their firelocks", so the term was being used, for military purposes, at least as late as the 1780s. The Percussion age didn't really get going until the 1840s, when the percussion cap was finally perfected to the point that the military was satisfied that the caps would fire reliably even in foul weather. It was in that later period that the military began to refer to the guns as " Caplocks. " That is the first time I can find that the military use of the generic term, " Firelock" was finally supplanted by a more modern work.
 
Well, I definitely agree with you and Zonie on this. I don't know when or where the term "firelock" actually originated, but it obviously refers to a lock that either utilized an open flame or ember (matchlock), or actually produced an open flame or shower of sparks and an exploding primer (wheelock, snaphaunce or flintlock). It's pretty generic, seems to me.

By the way, I shot some video of an old friend shooting his flint rifle a little before dark Saturday at a old time shooting match we had. I photographed some stills from his shot and I can tell you he was definitely shooting a firelock! Maybe I'll post them on here soon. I've photographed some shots like this before, but I've never noticed so much fire as I did with these shots. My wife asked me if that was normal. I said, 'yep'!
 
I realize this is a rather late point to come into this discussion, but I have never read a credible primary or secondary source where "firelock" appeared in any way include match ignition. If anyone can provide citations, I would be interested in reading them.

Conversely, I have seen it often used either explicitly or implicitly in specific differentiation of self-igniting arms from those using an external or continuously maintained source of fire. Whether any references referred to wheel as well as snapping locks, I can no longer recall.

Joel
 
From the OED:


FIRELOCK. [see LOCK sb.]1. A gun-lock in which sparks were produced (either by friction or percussion) to ignite the priming. The name was at first given to the WHEEL-LOCK; in the 17th cent. it became transferred to the FLINT-LOCK.
1547[inventory in Meyrick _Antient Armour_ III 15 one chamber pece blacke with...a fier locke.
1605 G.M[Arkham] _Souldiers Accid._ 53 Pistolls, Petronells, or Dragons...all these are with fire-lockes, and those fire-lockes (for the most part) Snap-hances.
1639 R.WARD _ Animadv. Warre_ 1 293 The Firelocke is surest to give fire, and not so apt to be out of kilter; besides they will indure Spand 24 houres together without hurting them.
1655 MRQ. WORCESTER _Cent Inv._ No.44 A perfect Pistol..with Prime, Powder and Fire-locke.
1677 LD. ORRERY _Art of War_ 31 In the Fire-lock the motion is so sudden, that what makes the
Cock fall on the Hammer, strikes the fire, and opens the Pan at once.

2. A musket furnished with such a lock.
1590 SIR J. SMYTH _Disc. weapons_ 47 Whereby they (the stones) should faile to strike iust upn the wheeles being fire-lockes, or vpon the hammers or steeles, if they be Snap-hances.
1625 G.M[ARKHAM] _Souldiers Accid._ 41 They (cuirassiers) shall have a case of long Pistolls, fierlockes (if it may be) but Snaphaunces, where they are wanting.
1630 _R. Johnson's _Kingd. & Commw._ 382 Part..carried firelockes of two foot, and the residue Pikes.
1662 DAVIES tr. Mandelslo _Trav. E. Ind._ 51 They have no fire Armes with wheeles, nor yet firelocks.
1703 LUTTRELL _Brief Rel._ (1857) V An agent..is arrived here, to buy 30,000 firelocks.
1811 GENERAL DOYLE Napier _Penins. War_ (Rtldg.) It. App. 427 Six months have passed without a single fire-lock being made!
1869 E.A.PARKES _Pract. Hygiene_ (ed. 3) 324 The English army have extemporised tents..by suspending blankets over their firelocks.

3. A soldier armed with such a weapon.
1645 R.SYMONDS _Diary Civ. War_ (Camden) 181/2 Colonel John Russell, with..the Prince's fferelockes assaulted.
1704 _Collect. Voy._ (Church.) III 728/2 Where they posed 12 firelocks.
1802 WELLINGTON in Gurw. _Desp._ I. 285 The other corps..will amount to about 2000 firelocks.
1844 H.H.WILSON _Brit. India_ II 342 The detachment..scarcely mustered nine hundred and fifty firelocks.

4. attrib., as firelock musket, firelock piece.
[examples omitted - got tired of transcribing from microscopic print]


On another matter, I can recall "gun" being used in British sporting writings of the 19th and 20th centuries, in specific reference to fowlers and later shotguns, sometimes in distinction from rifles, and also to sportsmen using shotguns. Unfortunately, I do not have any citations ready to hand, but the latter were often of the "When the guns were in position, the signal was given to the beaters to begin" sort.

Respectfully,
Joel
 
Thanks, Joel! Just excellent. . .

It seems that when what we term flintlock technology became widely accepted, it was referred to as the firelock. Other (earlier) technologies were then categorized by names descriptive of that technology.

When the caplock/percussion came along, that is how it was referred to (at least in English), and not as a firelock. This is when the term flintlock was born, to refer to an earlier and largely outmoded technology.

Anyway, if it was referred to as a goose then, it should be a goose now, and not some term that we as moderns find convenient.
 
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